SECURITY VIDEO MONITORING
Security video monitoring applications help to visually assure
that valuable assets are not eroded or destroyed by unauthorized
users. Traditionally, security video monitoring was limited
to on-site video monitors that security personnel viewed as
either videotapes or as real-time images. The introduction of
low-cost digital video cameras and data connections allow for
the remote location of video cameras. When these cameras are
connected through the Internet, they are called Web cameras
(WebCams.)
At the end of 2000, there were already in excess of 100,000
public WebCams in operation throughout the world* and private
video monitoring systems have millions of privately
installed video cameras. Although many of these video cameras
are connected by wire, some are connected by wireless links.
The key applications for wireless security monitoring
included traffic management (traffic cams), public access
monitoring (public safety), law enforcement (cameras on
police cars), and other applications that require a camera at
remote locations where wired connections are not practical or
where mobility (video monitoring while moving) is important.
Figure 4-12 shows the video camera that is normally
mounted in police cars. Using high-speed wireless systems,
images from police cars can be monitored at a central facility.
This may dramatically increase the safety for police officers. 176
IT Certification CCIE,CCNP,CCIP,CCNA,CCSP,Cisco Network Optimization and Security Tips
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT. Providing education for government workers
is necessary to ensure that information-intensive systems (such
as tax collection) can operate effectively. In the United States
in 1999, there were more than 3 million government workers.
The average government worker receives 1 to 2 weeks of training
per year to learn software and technology systems, standard
processes, and to develop leadership skills. This results in a
requirement of over 5 million weeks of training. To minimize
the costs of travel and lost time, many government agencies
use distance learning programs to reduce training costs.
is necessary to ensure that information-intensive systems (such
as tax collection) can operate effectively. In the United States
in 1999, there were more than 3 million government workers.
The average government worker receives 1 to 2 weeks of training
per year to learn software and technology systems, standard
processes, and to develop leadership skills. This results in a
requirement of over 5 million weeks of training. To minimize
the costs of travel and lost time, many government agencies
use distance learning programs to reduce training costs.
PROFESSIONAL
PROFESSIONAL. Because technology and business processes
are constantly changing, professional education is developed and
provided by companies to keep their employees competitive.
Training budgets range from 1 to 5 percent of a company’s gross
sales, and a growing percentage of these funds are used for distance
learning courses.
are constantly changing, professional education is developed and
provided by companies to keep their employees competitive.
Training budgets range from 1 to 5 percent of a company’s gross
sales, and a growing percentage of these funds are used for distance
learning courses.
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY EDUCATION. Since the Internet
was pioneered at universities to facilitate information sharing,
it’s not surprising that an increasing number of them are
creating Web-based universities. By 2002, 85 percent of two-year
colleges (in 1999 there were 847 two-year colleges in the
United States) are expected to be offering distance learning
courses, up from 58 percent in 1998. It is projected that over
80 percent of the four-year colleges (in 1999 there were 1,472
four-year colleges and universities in the United States) will be
offering distance learning courses in 2002, up from 62 percent
in 1998. Many of these will be Web-based. To put this into perspective,
there are 15 million full- and part-time college students
in the United States, of which an estimated 90 percent
are online, representing by far the most active single group on
the Net. Moreover, in 1998, 21 percent of these students purchased
$900 million in goods and services online.
It is estimated that 93 percent of distance learning programs
in American colleges and universities use email and
almost 60 percent use email in conjunction with the Web.†
When distance education is offered, campus visits are not
required for most programs. Learners register online each
semester and may take single courses for personal enrichment
or opt to enter a degree program. Textbooks and class syllabi
can be mailed to learners. Online classes run typically on a 16-
week semester schedule, beginning and ending at the same
time as on-campus classes. Students read their textbooks and
visit online message boards weekly, posting class comments or
questions whenever it is convenient for them. The back-andforth
commentary on the message boards simulates a classroom
discussion. Midterm and final exams are usually taken
under the watchful eye of an approved proctor at a local college,
library, or human resources training center. 173
was pioneered at universities to facilitate information sharing,
it’s not surprising that an increasing number of them are
creating Web-based universities. By 2002, 85 percent of two-year
colleges (in 1999 there were 847 two-year colleges in the
United States) are expected to be offering distance learning
courses, up from 58 percent in 1998. It is projected that over
80 percent of the four-year colleges (in 1999 there were 1,472
four-year colleges and universities in the United States) will be
offering distance learning courses in 2002, up from 62 percent
in 1998. Many of these will be Web-based. To put this into perspective,
there are 15 million full- and part-time college students
in the United States, of which an estimated 90 percent
are online, representing by far the most active single group on
the Net. Moreover, in 1998, 21 percent of these students purchased
$900 million in goods and services online.
It is estimated that 93 percent of distance learning programs
in American colleges and universities use email and
almost 60 percent use email in conjunction with the Web.†
When distance education is offered, campus visits are not
required for most programs. Learners register online each
semester and may take single courses for personal enrichment
or opt to enter a degree program. Textbooks and class syllabi
can be mailed to learners. Online classes run typically on a 16-
week semester schedule, beginning and ending at the same
time as on-campus classes. Students read their textbooks and
visit online message boards weekly, posting class comments or
questions whenever it is convenient for them. The back-andforth
commentary on the message boards simulates a classroom
discussion. Midterm and final exams are usually taken
under the watchful eye of an approved proctor at a local college,
library, or human resources training center. 173
PUBLIC (K-12) EDUCATION
PUBLIC (K-12) EDUCATION. Elementary education involves
developing fundamental skills in children and young adults.
Elementary education is normally funded and managed by
government agencies. It is the goal of many public education programs
to provide the same education opportunity to all the
members of a society, regardless of the economic status of its
students or the demographic structure of a community.
The economics of traditional public education systems limit
the offering of specific courses to regions that have a sufficient
density of students. To ensure that each student can be offered
the same education opportunities, distance education can offer
more courses to each student. Distance education also allows
students to interact with other students with similar interests
and needs at remote locations. Distance learning applications
delivered through the Internet can provide access to standardized
courses that provide equal education opportunities to
most students. Additional e-books will provide students the
ability to carry a single book.
By the end of 1998, approximately 89 percent of all public
secondary and 76 percent of elementary schools in the United
States were connected to the Internet. Since then, public schools
continue to make progress toward meeting the goal of connecting
every school to the Internet by the year 2000. (In 1994 only 35
percent of public schools in the United States were connected to
the Internet.) In addition to having every school connected to the
Information Superhighway, a second goal is to have every classroom,
library, and media-lab connected to the Internet. Schools
are making great strides to achieve this; and in 1998, 51 percent
of instructional rooms in public schools were connected.*
Connection speed is one of the key determinants of the
extent to which schools make use of the Internet. In 1998,
higher speed connections using a dedicated line were used by
65 percent of public schools. Additionally, large schools with
Internet access are more likely to connect using broadband
access technology.
developing fundamental skills in children and young adults.
Elementary education is normally funded and managed by
government agencies. It is the goal of many public education programs
to provide the same education opportunity to all the
members of a society, regardless of the economic status of its
students or the demographic structure of a community.
The economics of traditional public education systems limit
the offering of specific courses to regions that have a sufficient
density of students. To ensure that each student can be offered
the same education opportunities, distance education can offer
more courses to each student. Distance education also allows
students to interact with other students with similar interests
and needs at remote locations. Distance learning applications
delivered through the Internet can provide access to standardized
courses that provide equal education opportunities to
most students. Additional e-books will provide students the
ability to carry a single book.
By the end of 1998, approximately 89 percent of all public
secondary and 76 percent of elementary schools in the United
States were connected to the Internet. Since then, public schools
continue to make progress toward meeting the goal of connecting
every school to the Internet by the year 2000. (In 1994 only 35
percent of public schools in the United States were connected to
the Internet.) In addition to having every school connected to the
Information Superhighway, a second goal is to have every classroom,
library, and media-lab connected to the Internet. Schools
are making great strides to achieve this; and in 1998, 51 percent
of instructional rooms in public schools were connected.*
Connection speed is one of the key determinants of the
extent to which schools make use of the Internet. In 1998,
higher speed connections using a dedicated line were used by
65 percent of public schools. Additionally, large schools with
Internet access are more likely to connect using broadband
access technology.
DISTANCE LEARNING
Distance learning provides training to remote locations.
Distance learning has been available for many years and can be
categorized into public education (grades K–12), university
and colleges, professional (industry), government training, and
military training segments. In the early years, distance learning
was provided through the use of books and other printed materials
and was commonly referred to as correspondence courses.
Distance learning has evolved through the use of broadcast
media (e.g., televisions) and moved on to individual or small
group training through the availability of video-based training
(VBT) or computer-based training (CBT). These systems
evolved into interactive distance learning (IDL).
Distance learning relies on communication systems (e.g.,
phone lines or mail) to connect students and teacher as an
alternative to classroom training. Electronic learning
(eLearning) is a form of distance learning that is becoming a
viable option to traditional teaching methods and is poised for
major growth over the next several years.
Through the ability of broadband video and interactive
graphic technologies, students are exposed to far greater education
stimulus than in the traditional learning environment.
Integrated sound, motion, images, and text all serve to create a
rich new learning atmosphere and substantially increase student
involvement in the learning process.
The rapidly changing global economy is forcing industry
professionals to continually update their skill sets. Adults may
change their occupations several times in a lifetime as technologies
and skill sets become outdated. This requires continual
learning for adults. Adults between the age of 35 and 45 are
the fastest growing group of college learners.* To advance or
consolidate their careers, over 5 million adults complete some
form of distance learning each year.† This is one of the primary
reasons why online learning is booming, especially among
working adults with children. Distance learning via broadband
connectivity allows adults to attend classes in the comfort of
their living room or study, at their convenience.
Many online universities, including training and professional
specialty course programs, are catering to the rising
demand of industry to deliver skill-development courses to the
desktop at remote locations. These schools offer Web-based
professional certificates as well as associate and bachelor’s
degrees that are built around a solid core of business and computer
classes. Companies rely on these certificates to ensure
employees are qualified for their new jobs.
In 1999, most online classes did not require that students
have the latest high-powered computer. However, they did
require Internet access (via low-speed analog modem). These
distance learning courses were provided using low-resolution
graphics or slow-scan Web video. As broadband services
become more available and cost effective, it is predicted that
distance learning courses will evolve to use high-resolution
services such as high-resolution video conferencing.‡ Online
distance learning courses can be accredited by regional accrediting
agencies or via the Distance Education and Training
Council.
Distance learning has been available for many years and can be
categorized into public education (grades K–12), university
and colleges, professional (industry), government training, and
military training segments. In the early years, distance learning
was provided through the use of books and other printed materials
and was commonly referred to as correspondence courses.
Distance learning has evolved through the use of broadcast
media (e.g., televisions) and moved on to individual or small
group training through the availability of video-based training
(VBT) or computer-based training (CBT). These systems
evolved into interactive distance learning (IDL).
Distance learning relies on communication systems (e.g.,
phone lines or mail) to connect students and teacher as an
alternative to classroom training. Electronic learning
(eLearning) is a form of distance learning that is becoming a
viable option to traditional teaching methods and is poised for
major growth over the next several years.
Through the ability of broadband video and interactive
graphic technologies, students are exposed to far greater education
stimulus than in the traditional learning environment.
Integrated sound, motion, images, and text all serve to create a
rich new learning atmosphere and substantially increase student
involvement in the learning process.
The rapidly changing global economy is forcing industry
professionals to continually update their skill sets. Adults may
change their occupations several times in a lifetime as technologies
and skill sets become outdated. This requires continual
learning for adults. Adults between the age of 35 and 45 are
the fastest growing group of college learners.* To advance or
consolidate their careers, over 5 million adults complete some
form of distance learning each year.† This is one of the primary
reasons why online learning is booming, especially among
working adults with children. Distance learning via broadband
connectivity allows adults to attend classes in the comfort of
their living room or study, at their convenience.
Many online universities, including training and professional
specialty course programs, are catering to the rising
demand of industry to deliver skill-development courses to the
desktop at remote locations. These schools offer Web-based
professional certificates as well as associate and bachelor’s
degrees that are built around a solid core of business and computer
classes. Companies rely on these certificates to ensure
employees are qualified for their new jobs.
In 1999, most online classes did not require that students
have the latest high-powered computer. However, they did
require Internet access (via low-speed analog modem). These
distance learning courses were provided using low-resolution
graphics or slow-scan Web video. As broadband services
become more available and cost effective, it is predicted that
distance learning courses will evolve to use high-resolution
services such as high-resolution video conferencing.‡ Online
distance learning courses can be accredited by regional accrediting
agencies or via the Distance Education and Training
Council.
MOBILE CLINICS
MOBILE CLINICS. Mobile clinics are transportable facilities
where health care specialists can treat patients. Using wireless
high-resolution video conferencing, mobile clinics in the form
of buses or vans can travel throughout rural areas with clinical
technicians bringing hospital-type facilities to remote areas.
The clinical technician coordinates communications with medical
experts via wireless video conferencing consultations.
These telemedicine videoconference facilities allow hospital-
based physicians to view patient wounds from a live video
image. The traditional method requires visiting nurses to take
Polaroid photographs of wounds and forward them to physicians
for review. From the snapshot, the physician assesses
how the wound is progressing and determines whether changes
in medication or treatment are needed. Using mobile medicine,
visiting nurses dial the physician, forward the image in
real-time, and facilitate interaction between patients and hospital-
based providers. Images can be captured and stored in an
electronic medical record. The technology can help reduce the
cost of continuing inappropriate therapy and shorten the time
between data collection and decision making.
where health care specialists can treat patients. Using wireless
high-resolution video conferencing, mobile clinics in the form
of buses or vans can travel throughout rural areas with clinical
technicians bringing hospital-type facilities to remote areas.
The clinical technician coordinates communications with medical
experts via wireless video conferencing consultations.
These telemedicine videoconference facilities allow hospital-
based physicians to view patient wounds from a live video
image. The traditional method requires visiting nurses to take
Polaroid photographs of wounds and forward them to physicians
for review. From the snapshot, the physician assesses
how the wound is progressing and determines whether changes
in medication or treatment are needed. Using mobile medicine,
visiting nurses dial the physician, forward the image in
real-time, and facilitate interaction between patients and hospital-
based providers. Images can be captured and stored in an
electronic medical record. The technology can help reduce the
cost of continuing inappropriate therapy and shorten the time
between data collection and decision making.
PATIENT RECORD MANAGEMENT
PATIENT RECORD MANAGEMENT. Patient record management
involves the storage and retrieval of medical information related
to a specific person. Patient information may be gathered
manually (such as an X-ray on film) or electronically (such as
a patient history data record). Patient record management via
telemedicine involves converting nonelectronic forms of information
(such as the X-ray) into electronic forms (data files) and
managing these data files to integrate data, voice, digitized
images, or video. These files are stored in a computer and can
be transmitted to workstations at a medical center, physician’s
office, or other site equipped to manage the telemedicine
information request. Rapidly transporting image data and diagnoses
between clinicians and medical doctors can add substantially
to improved patient care.
involves the storage and retrieval of medical information related
to a specific person. Patient information may be gathered
manually (such as an X-ray on film) or electronically (such as
a patient history data record). Patient record management via
telemedicine involves converting nonelectronic forms of information
(such as the X-ray) into electronic forms (data files) and
managing these data files to integrate data, voice, digitized
images, or video. These files are stored in a computer and can
be transmitted to workstations at a medical center, physician’s
office, or other site equipped to manage the telemedicine
information request. Rapidly transporting image data and diagnoses
between clinicians and medical doctors can add substantially
to improved patient care.
TELEMEDICINE
Telemedicine provides medical services through the assistance
of telecommunications. Telemedicine does not completely
replace medical expertise, but it is critical to providing quality
and efficient health care services.
Telemedicine is a rapidly growing part of the medical information
management market and is one of the largest and
fastest growing segments of the healthcare device industry. The
expected revenue by the end of 2000 is $21 billion.
In the United States, more than 60 percent of federal
telemedicine projects were initiated since 1998. The concept
of telemedicine exploits much of the state-of-the-art technology
available, especially if it is combined with the growth of the
Internet and World Wide Web (WWW).† 3G networks will further
guarantee a wireless extension of Internet-based services
and technologies. By reducing the time spent in copying, sending,
and archiving medical information, the cost of administration
and insurance claim processing is reduced. Mobile
medicine will enable healthcare workers to receive supply-ondemand
content in a mobile environment.
Some of the advanced telemedicine applications include
telecardiology, teleradiology, and telepsychiatry. Telecardiology
services incorporate transmission of ECG data, echocardiograms, heart sounds and murmurs, and cardiology images, and
can be performed in both store-and-forward and interactive
media. Teleradiology is the most widely adopted of all telemedicine
applications. Clinical radiology requires prompt, near
real-time transmission of still-frame images, but may also
demand live or full-motion video image communication and
display. Telepsychiatry allows psychiatric care to be conducted
at a distance to provide care more frequently to patients in outlying
areas.
Telemedicine applications usually encompass computer,
video, and telecommunications technologies—each with its
own role to play in the acquisition, transport, and display of
medical information. Some of the key areas related to telemedicine
include patient record management and mobile clinics.
of telecommunications. Telemedicine does not completely
replace medical expertise, but it is critical to providing quality
and efficient health care services.
Telemedicine is a rapidly growing part of the medical information
management market and is one of the largest and
fastest growing segments of the healthcare device industry. The
expected revenue by the end of 2000 is $21 billion.
In the United States, more than 60 percent of federal
telemedicine projects were initiated since 1998. The concept
of telemedicine exploits much of the state-of-the-art technology
available, especially if it is combined with the growth of the
Internet and World Wide Web (WWW).† 3G networks will further
guarantee a wireless extension of Internet-based services
and technologies. By reducing the time spent in copying, sending,
and archiving medical information, the cost of administration
and insurance claim processing is reduced. Mobile
medicine will enable healthcare workers to receive supply-ondemand
content in a mobile environment.
Some of the advanced telemedicine applications include
telecardiology, teleradiology, and telepsychiatry. Telecardiology
services incorporate transmission of ECG data, echocardiograms, heart sounds and murmurs, and cardiology images, and
can be performed in both store-and-forward and interactive
media. Teleradiology is the most widely adopted of all telemedicine
applications. Clinical radiology requires prompt, near
real-time transmission of still-frame images, but may also
demand live or full-motion video image communication and
display. Telepsychiatry allows psychiatric care to be conducted
at a distance to provide care more frequently to patients in outlying
areas.
Telemedicine applications usually encompass computer,
video, and telecommunications technologies—each with its
own role to play in the acquisition, transport, and display of
medical information. Some of the key areas related to telemedicine
include patient record management and mobile clinics.
MANUFACTURING
Telecommunication systems have long been used in manufacturing
processes to monitor and control production to ensure
quality. Manufacturing systems can benefit from wireless production
monitoring and low-cost data communication systems.
Production monitoring is the process of using data devices
or sensors (e.g., video cameras and keypads) that transfer information
via communications lines to keep records of physical
production. The Internet and other communication networks
are moving onto the factory floor to provide companies with an
inexpensive means to link workers and the machines they operate
to remote repositories of information. Distant managers
can watch what’s going on, literally, from wherever they are,
through sensors, tiny Web cameras, and Web displays built
directly into equipment deployed on assembly lines. Previously,
these monitoring devices required physical, wired connections
that limited their routing to production managers. By using the
Internet or other wireless technologies, managers located in
distant facilities can monitor production and ensure problems
can be resolved long before the problem causes lost production
or injury to personnel. Software that integrates Internet technologies
into factory operations was a small percentage of a
$4.8 billion market in 1999. Prepackaged manufacturing monitoring
software is growing by 14.2 percent a year.
processes to monitor and control production to ensure
quality. Manufacturing systems can benefit from wireless production
monitoring and low-cost data communication systems.
Production monitoring is the process of using data devices
or sensors (e.g., video cameras and keypads) that transfer information
via communications lines to keep records of physical
production. The Internet and other communication networks
are moving onto the factory floor to provide companies with an
inexpensive means to link workers and the machines they operate
to remote repositories of information. Distant managers
can watch what’s going on, literally, from wherever they are,
through sensors, tiny Web cameras, and Web displays built
directly into equipment deployed on assembly lines. Previously,
these monitoring devices required physical, wired connections
that limited their routing to production managers. By using the
Internet or other wireless technologies, managers located in
distant facilities can monitor production and ensure problems
can be resolved long before the problem causes lost production
or injury to personnel. Software that integrates Internet technologies
into factory operations was a small percentage of a
$4.8 billion market in 1999. Prepackaged manufacturing monitoring
software is growing by 14.2 percent a year.
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